Though disasters claim enormous amounts of money and resources every year by way of rescue, relief and rehabilitation, many governments do not seem to be taking timely and effective measures to avert or mitigate the impacts of disasters.
How far is it true that such States are depriving citizens of their right to life and property?
Right to life and property is a constitutional right, and if ever the state is found to be not doing anything against disasters, it is a clean case of constitutional violation. This indifferent attitude of the State is criminal, and the citizens can claim damages for the loss.
All democratic constitutions around the world assure its citizens of protection for their life and property. However, it is a fact that hundreds of thousands of people die every year by way of disasters of various types and dimensions. Unfortunately, the pity is that governments are able to alert people and mitigate the effects of disasters. But many States stay away from this constitutional responsibility. If a State fails to do, it can be considered as a case that deprives the citizens of their basic rights. 90
However, we cannot ignore the fact that there are disasters both manmade and natural. And many of them are either predictable or not-so-easily predictable. Still, timely intervention or appropriate pre-emptive action can cut down considerably on the impacts of disasters of any type. Needless to say, the State has the responsibility to do it, and by doing so, such States will be making great savings in the form of precious lives and property worth millions. As life is the most precious thing in this world, no State can sit idle when disasters pose threats and claim lives out of blue.
The above points make me conclude that the State has the moral responsibility to safeguard the life and property of its citizens. When disasters are left to wreck havoc on the lives of people, the States are actually depriving citizens of their basic rights at all counts.
280 words
Write ups, poetry, story, anecdotes, articles and musings. This is a platform through which I wish to converse with people of all types and interests. Currently, I am engaged in offering customised EL training solutions for IELTS. I have the track record of making hundreds of seven seven bands, especially for speaking and writing. For personalized PAID IELTS training via Email ID, please respond to: jaypeesarefine@gmail.com. or 9 387 227 157. Type in. 'vaatupura A' on google.
Monday, March 21, 2011
Sunday, March 20, 2011
Though many organizations show great interest in recruiting women, it is found that great numbers of women jump their jobs much frequently and go for new pastures.
• Try to identify a few reasons that make women leave their jobs often?
• Suggest your own ways to retain women in the workforce.
Ajaypeesdoc
Equal gender participation is common in professional life today as many employers welcome female workforce. However, attrition is found to be common among women. Though many reasons are attributed to it, there are ways to keep them back in the payroll.
Looking at the face of the issue, the prominent reason I find is many women do not get their deserving credit from their employers. This might be due to their being with a male dominant workforce. Secondly, many female employees are reported to be suffering from aggression on their person either directly or impersonally. This harassing is too much for many women. Thirdly, unlike the women of the past, today’s young female professional segment is as aggressive and ambitious as their male counterparts. Therefore, when they come to know that there is not much to be expected from an organization, they simply go practical, and hop out for fresher avenues.
However, let me suggest a few ways to make women stay back for longer years. First thing is that men should realize that women are not second employees, and they deserve what ever males do. Secondly, since women are more biologically and socially challenged than men, they should be given convenient working hours and flexible career options. This will make them meet their personal and professional expectations. And finally, if employers can take women into confidence that there is going to be upper career rungs awaiting them, I am sure more and more women will think twice before they jump their job in hand.
Looking at the factors of female attrition, I find it right to conclude that if women are not given their dues, there will be further attrition in the days to come. Anyway the suggestions made would make great difference in this present state of affairs.
290 words
Ajaypeesdoc
• Try to identify a few reasons that make women leave their jobs often?
• Suggest your own ways to retain women in the workforce.
Ajaypeesdoc
Equal gender participation is common in professional life today as many employers welcome female workforce. However, attrition is found to be common among women. Though many reasons are attributed to it, there are ways to keep them back in the payroll.
Looking at the face of the issue, the prominent reason I find is many women do not get their deserving credit from their employers. This might be due to their being with a male dominant workforce. Secondly, many female employees are reported to be suffering from aggression on their person either directly or impersonally. This harassing is too much for many women. Thirdly, unlike the women of the past, today’s young female professional segment is as aggressive and ambitious as their male counterparts. Therefore, when they come to know that there is not much to be expected from an organization, they simply go practical, and hop out for fresher avenues.
However, let me suggest a few ways to make women stay back for longer years. First thing is that men should realize that women are not second employees, and they deserve what ever males do. Secondly, since women are more biologically and socially challenged than men, they should be given convenient working hours and flexible career options. This will make them meet their personal and professional expectations. And finally, if employers can take women into confidence that there is going to be upper career rungs awaiting them, I am sure more and more women will think twice before they jump their job in hand.
Looking at the factors of female attrition, I find it right to conclude that if women are not given their dues, there will be further attrition in the days to come. Anyway the suggestions made would make great difference in this present state of affairs.
290 words
Ajaypeesdoc
Saturday, March 19, 2011
Be simple: Simple words can convey ideas much better.
When it comes to the use of the Net to children, it is rather hard to say that it is equally good for children of all age groups or it is equally bad for all. It is easier to say that, if they are directed well, the Internet has much to offer for all children. So it is right to ask another question whether it is the Net that is wrong or it is the way we and our children use the Net that makes the issue more serious.
Unfortunately, what happens is this that today, most of the children need to stay online as part of their studies, and many children are very much in need of inputs for their studies, researches and paper works. Obviously, they get enough access to computers from their school itself. And most of the homes these days have their own computers. It is either for their parents’ use or for the children themselves. This is a convenience, and many children happen to stay online even when they have their parents around.
Ajaypeesdoc.20.2.011
Here you may ask, is it not fair for parents to control their kids. Of course, they can do it. But it would do more harm than good because most of the nuclear parents these days are either employees or occupied with some income earning activities. Naturally, children get a lot a parent-free time. Here lies the problem that all the controls will go lose the moment they find their parents away. They go into doing all sorts of searches and findings. Here another question may come up.
Why can’t, then, parent install some child-safe programmes so that access to certain sites could be denied? It is possible of course. But we all need to know that our neighbourhood is full of internet cafes and booths where what is waiting for our children is nothing but limitless access to anything and everything from across the world. Let us be conscious here. Kids are kids. They try to get what they need to get.
What are we going to do with our children and the Net? It is simple, the answer I mean. We have to have a healthy parent-children understanding which would make both parties trust each other so that there is always room for control and freedom at the same time.
Ajaypeesdoc.20.2.011
Computers and their possibilities are here to stay. So are our kids. In such a scenario, what we need is the intelligence to make use of the Net both for the welfare and all round development of ourselves and our children.
Therefore, let us not blame the Net. Let us blame the way we let our kids harness its possibilities. Our children need to, I repeat, our children need to be online. Stopping them is like clipping their wings of inquisitiveness. They may eventually fail to become independent learners. The latter, making one an independent learner, is the very purpose of education. The former, being inquisitive, is what children are known for. That is what I feel. 500 words
When it comes to the use of the Net to children, it is rather hard to say that it is equally good for children of all age groups or it is equally bad for all. It is easier to say that, if they are directed well, the Internet has much to offer for all children. So it is right to ask another question whether it is the Net that is wrong or it is the way we and our children use the Net that makes the issue more serious.
Unfortunately, what happens is this that today, most of the children need to stay online as part of their studies, and many children are very much in need of inputs for their studies, researches and paper works. Obviously, they get enough access to computers from their school itself. And most of the homes these days have their own computers. It is either for their parents’ use or for the children themselves. This is a convenience, and many children happen to stay online even when they have their parents around.
Ajaypeesdoc.20.2.011
Here you may ask, is it not fair for parents to control their kids. Of course, they can do it. But it would do more harm than good because most of the nuclear parents these days are either employees or occupied with some income earning activities. Naturally, children get a lot a parent-free time. Here lies the problem that all the controls will go lose the moment they find their parents away. They go into doing all sorts of searches and findings. Here another question may come up.
Why can’t, then, parent install some child-safe programmes so that access to certain sites could be denied? It is possible of course. But we all need to know that our neighbourhood is full of internet cafes and booths where what is waiting for our children is nothing but limitless access to anything and everything from across the world. Let us be conscious here. Kids are kids. They try to get what they need to get.
What are we going to do with our children and the Net? It is simple, the answer I mean. We have to have a healthy parent-children understanding which would make both parties trust each other so that there is always room for control and freedom at the same time.
Ajaypeesdoc.20.2.011
Computers and their possibilities are here to stay. So are our kids. In such a scenario, what we need is the intelligence to make use of the Net both for the welfare and all round development of ourselves and our children.
Therefore, let us not blame the Net. Let us blame the way we let our kids harness its possibilities. Our children need to, I repeat, our children need to be online. Stopping them is like clipping their wings of inquisitiveness. They may eventually fail to become independent learners. The latter, making one an independent learner, is the very purpose of education. The former, being inquisitive, is what children are known for. That is what I feel. 500 words
Foreign exchange earnings for Egypt
The two charts break up data on foreign exchange earnings of Egypt in 2002, and income from tourism for the years from 1982-2003.
The pie chart reveals that tourism gave Egypt the highest foreign exchange earning in 2002, 26% followed by industry with 21%. When workers’ remittance amounted from 21%, Agriculture brought in ten times less than that with 2%. Finally, Petroleum and Suez Canal managed to garner 14%, 13% each.
The bar chart on revenue from tourism shows an upward spiral from 1982 to 2000. It started off with 0.3 billion US Dollars in 1982 and it kept on increasing, and after 11 years, in 1993, it rose to 1.9 billion. There was a remarkable increase in the 1995-1997 period. It shot up to 2.9 from 2.2 billion. The year 2000 recorded the highest growth, from 2.9 to 4.3 billion. However, the two periods that followed had same figures: 3.8 billion each. But 2003 had the biggest fall; from 3.8 to two billion US Dollars.
It is clear that in the 80s and 90s the growth was slower but steady, but in 2000 onwards the figures were rather stable barring 2003.
Detailed description: 170 words
jaypees
The two charts break up data on foreign exchange earnings of Egypt in 2002, and income from tourism for the years from 1982-2003.
The pie chart reveals that tourism gave Egypt the highest foreign exchange earning in 2002, 26% followed by industry with 21%. When workers’ remittance amounted from 21%, Agriculture brought in ten times less than that with 2%. Finally, Petroleum and Suez Canal managed to garner 14%, 13% each.
The bar chart on revenue from tourism shows an upward spiral from 1982 to 2000. It started off with 0.3 billion US Dollars in 1982 and it kept on increasing, and after 11 years, in 1993, it rose to 1.9 billion. There was a remarkable increase in the 1995-1997 period. It shot up to 2.9 from 2.2 billion. The year 2000 recorded the highest growth, from 2.9 to 4.3 billion. However, the two periods that followed had same figures: 3.8 billion each. But 2003 had the biggest fall; from 3.8 to two billion US Dollars.
It is clear that in the 80s and 90s the growth was slower but steady, but in 2000 onwards the figures were rather stable barring 2003.
Detailed description: 170 words
jaypees
Your favourite swimming pool
Where it is
How often you go there
Why you like it
Swimming pool? Well, these days it is hard to find swimming pools in our place. It is now mostly found in hotels and tourist or holiday destinations.
However, I happened to enjoy the convenience of a swimming pool some time back. It is part of famous water theme park in our state.
And I visited this place as part of a tour programme.
It happened last year, and we, a group of friends visited this theme park called Vega land. It s some 75 kms off our place, and we were traveling by a mini bus.
Since, it is a water theme park there are many water related activities and adventures. One of such experiences is the swimming experience we had at that location.
Actually, it is big pool with the sparkling water and clean and secure surroundings.
What I like most is its conveniences like security arrangements,
like floats and airbags meant for children, and those who are not good at swimming.
There are seating arrangements, and they provide some umbrellas and sun beds for those who need them for relaxation after a swim.
Apart from all there, there is separate section with support facilities for males and females, like change room, rest room and make up rooms.
And finally, I need to add that water in this swimming pool is periodically purified. It is done at regular intervals and it is an automatic process. So we can be sure of cleanliness and be on guard against water-borne diseases.
That is all about the swimming pool I like most.
225 words
jaypees. Visit. www.jpsukham.blogspot.com
Where it is
How often you go there
Why you like it
Swimming pool? Well, these days it is hard to find swimming pools in our place. It is now mostly found in hotels and tourist or holiday destinations.
However, I happened to enjoy the convenience of a swimming pool some time back. It is part of famous water theme park in our state.
And I visited this place as part of a tour programme.
It happened last year, and we, a group of friends visited this theme park called Vega land. It s some 75 kms off our place, and we were traveling by a mini bus.
Since, it is a water theme park there are many water related activities and adventures. One of such experiences is the swimming experience we had at that location.
Actually, it is big pool with the sparkling water and clean and secure surroundings.
What I like most is its conveniences like security arrangements,
like floats and airbags meant for children, and those who are not good at swimming.
There are seating arrangements, and they provide some umbrellas and sun beds for those who need them for relaxation after a swim.
Apart from all there, there is separate section with support facilities for males and females, like change room, rest room and make up rooms.
And finally, I need to add that water in this swimming pool is periodically purified. It is done at regular intervals and it is an automatic process. So we can be sure of cleanliness and be on guard against water-borne diseases.
That is all about the swimming pool I like most.
225 words
jaypees. Visit. www.jpsukham.blogspot.com
Thursday, March 17, 2011
Health consciousness among people is on the rise thanks to education and free access to medical information of all types. Some people feel that it is a welcome development, whereas there are others who feel that it is dangerous.
Essay 003
• How good or bad is rising health consciousness in your opinion?
Information is both powerful and dangerous. This is more so when it is a matter of access to medical education which keeps people’s health consciousness on the high. What I feel is that rising health consciousness is good, but, unless it is wisely managed, it will be dangerous.
Compared to olden times, people today are well informed of health and the risks involved in following unhealthy lifestyle practices. This is thanks to the availability of medical information and access to the same. Actually, it is a welcome development, because many people are prepared to go for periodic medical check ups and follow diet and fitness regimes in order to lead a healthier and longer life. For example, the number of those who spend time and money for health is much higher today than it was in the past. This is really encouraging.
However, there is another side to it. Rising health consciousness at times keeps people more anxious than conscious of their health. For example, access to information on diseases, medicines and treatments makes people worry too much about their health. As a result, some people go for self medication, whereas some others go for over medication or poor medication. There are others who go doctor shopping and demand for diagnostic procedures and treatments. This is the dangerous side of rising health consciousness.
In short, any information is good if wisely made use of. This is more so with medical information and health consciousness. Needless to say, it is a blessing to be rightly aware of health and wellness, but it is dangerous too, if not properly managed.
265 Words
Ajaypeesdoc
Essay 003
• How good or bad is rising health consciousness in your opinion?
Information is both powerful and dangerous. This is more so when it is a matter of access to medical education which keeps people’s health consciousness on the high. What I feel is that rising health consciousness is good, but, unless it is wisely managed, it will be dangerous.
Compared to olden times, people today are well informed of health and the risks involved in following unhealthy lifestyle practices. This is thanks to the availability of medical information and access to the same. Actually, it is a welcome development, because many people are prepared to go for periodic medical check ups and follow diet and fitness regimes in order to lead a healthier and longer life. For example, the number of those who spend time and money for health is much higher today than it was in the past. This is really encouraging.
However, there is another side to it. Rising health consciousness at times keeps people more anxious than conscious of their health. For example, access to information on diseases, medicines and treatments makes people worry too much about their health. As a result, some people go for self medication, whereas some others go for over medication or poor medication. There are others who go doctor shopping and demand for diagnostic procedures and treatments. This is the dangerous side of rising health consciousness.
In short, any information is good if wisely made use of. This is more so with medical information and health consciousness. Needless to say, it is a blessing to be rightly aware of health and wellness, but it is dangerous too, if not properly managed.
265 Words
Ajaypeesdoc
Leisure hours per year in Someland: a report
Here we have a table of data on number of hours people of different age groups in Someland spend every year for six leisure interests.
The prominent feature of this finding is that watching TV/Video is the most liked leisure activity. While teenagers set aside 1200 hrs those who are 70+ find 1100 hrs. However, when people are in their twenties, it falls to 700 hrs. The corresponding figures for others show a regular ascent from 400 to 700 for those in their 30s, 40s, 50 and 50s.
However, Cinema is the least popular one among most age groups. Here too teens spend the most, 100 hours, and all others spare between 75 and 25 hours. Coming to Socializing with four or more people, while younger age groups spare 350 hrs, the remaining ones find 50 hrs or less than that. But socializing with four or less people is highly popular among people in their 30s, 40s, 50s.
Finally, you may see how individual and group exercise go. Here youngsters and oldies are not as interested as people in their middle years. Those in their 30s and 40s utilize 200 hrs each. Coming to group exercise, youngsters spend more time than older groups do. As they go older, their interest decreases to naught.
Ending the report, what is the conclusion by the way? Do you not find a relation between people’s age, leisure interests and the time they spare for each activity?
200 words
19.2.011
Ajaypees doc
Here we have a table of data on number of hours people of different age groups in Someland spend every year for six leisure interests.
The prominent feature of this finding is that watching TV/Video is the most liked leisure activity. While teenagers set aside 1200 hrs those who are 70+ find 1100 hrs. However, when people are in their twenties, it falls to 700 hrs. The corresponding figures for others show a regular ascent from 400 to 700 for those in their 30s, 40s, 50 and 50s.
However, Cinema is the least popular one among most age groups. Here too teens spend the most, 100 hours, and all others spare between 75 and 25 hours. Coming to Socializing with four or more people, while younger age groups spare 350 hrs, the remaining ones find 50 hrs or less than that. But socializing with four or less people is highly popular among people in their 30s, 40s, 50s.
Finally, you may see how individual and group exercise go. Here youngsters and oldies are not as interested as people in their middle years. Those in their 30s and 40s utilize 200 hrs each. Coming to group exercise, youngsters spend more time than older groups do. As they go older, their interest decreases to naught.
Ending the report, what is the conclusion by the way? Do you not find a relation between people’s age, leisure interests and the time they spare for each activity?
200 words
19.2.011
Ajaypees doc
Art and literary forms, in the opinion of some, are instruments to initiate social reforms whereas there are others who feel that they are personal expressions meant for entertaining people.
• How right it is to say that art and literary forms are instruments of change?
• How do you look at the second view?
Essay 055
It has always been a controversy whether art and literary forms have some social roles, or they are just for entertaining people. I for one am of the opinion that they are very much instruments of change and entertainers as well.
Let me see how right it is to say that they are organs of change. The primary thing is most of the art and literary genres are capable of making people think, react and reform themselves. History has innumerable examples to prove this. Let me cite a few of them. The Problem Plays of G. B. Shaw, the Comedies of William Shakespeare, comic strips of R. K. Narayan, satires and films on the follies and foibles of modern man have been able to make substantial changes in society. Needless to say, human society owes much to art and literary forms.
However, there is no denying the fact that art and literature are personal expressions. But, are they just meant for entertaining people? I would rather disagree, and I am tend to argue that all these forms have several different roles. Entertaining people is just one among them. In this respect, it is right to say almost all art and literary forms are both reforming and entertaining. But some of them; like some dance genres, music, paintings, sculpting and the like, may not be able to make social changes as such. They are entertainers per se, so to say.
Let me conclude the discussion emphasizing the fact that all art and literary forms are personal expressions capable of entertaining people. But most of them are instruments of change. So, branding them as mere entertainers is unfair.
265 Words
Ajaypeesdoc
18.2.011
• How right it is to say that art and literary forms are instruments of change?
• How do you look at the second view?
Essay 055
It has always been a controversy whether art and literary forms have some social roles, or they are just for entertaining people. I for one am of the opinion that they are very much instruments of change and entertainers as well.
Let me see how right it is to say that they are organs of change. The primary thing is most of the art and literary genres are capable of making people think, react and reform themselves. History has innumerable examples to prove this. Let me cite a few of them. The Problem Plays of G. B. Shaw, the Comedies of William Shakespeare, comic strips of R. K. Narayan, satires and films on the follies and foibles of modern man have been able to make substantial changes in society. Needless to say, human society owes much to art and literary forms.
However, there is no denying the fact that art and literature are personal expressions. But, are they just meant for entertaining people? I would rather disagree, and I am tend to argue that all these forms have several different roles. Entertaining people is just one among them. In this respect, it is right to say almost all art and literary forms are both reforming and entertaining. But some of them; like some dance genres, music, paintings, sculpting and the like, may not be able to make social changes as such. They are entertainers per se, so to say.
Let me conclude the discussion emphasizing the fact that all art and literary forms are personal expressions capable of entertaining people. But most of them are instruments of change. So, branding them as mere entertainers is unfair.
265 Words
Ajaypeesdoc
18.2.011
Wednesday, March 16, 2011
Some are of the opinion that art and literature are supposed to fight against the ills and evils of the society, whereas some others say, art and literature are personal expressions meant for entertaining the people.
• How do you look at these two view points?
It has always been a controversy whether art and literature have some social role, or they are for their sake only. I feel that art and literature have a social role to play by criticizing and highlighting the evils of the society. This can be done in an entertaining way too. 45
When it comes to their responsibility of fighting against the evils of the society, it is right to look at the history of the world. We can cite innumerable examples to prove that art and literature have been instrumental to initiating changes and remedying social evils. For example, Indian freedom struggle was a success because the thinkers, artists and writers of those times had been able to project the evils of aggression, and people were able to respond to the calls of the freedom fighters by way of messages carried across the society via art and literature. 90
However, there is no denying the fact that art and literature are personal expressions. It is true that people go creative, and produce arts and literatures in order to express their feelings and thoughts. These feelings and thoughts have some social relevance and all their contributions naturally reflect the society they live in. The cartoons of R.K Lexman, the renowned Indian cartoonist, are typical examples. He has been able to express his feelings and fears he had of his society through his hilarious cartoon strips. However, there are some personal creations like music, dance etc, and they be viewed as something just to entertain people. 90
To conclude it, it is right to say that art and literature have always been powerful enough to make changes in the society and they have helped eradicate several social evils. It goes without saying that some of them are just for entertaining people. 40
265 words
Jaypees.doc. exam-going. 16/02/11
• How do you look at these two view points?
It has always been a controversy whether art and literature have some social role, or they are for their sake only. I feel that art and literature have a social role to play by criticizing and highlighting the evils of the society. This can be done in an entertaining way too. 45
When it comes to their responsibility of fighting against the evils of the society, it is right to look at the history of the world. We can cite innumerable examples to prove that art and literature have been instrumental to initiating changes and remedying social evils. For example, Indian freedom struggle was a success because the thinkers, artists and writers of those times had been able to project the evils of aggression, and people were able to respond to the calls of the freedom fighters by way of messages carried across the society via art and literature. 90
However, there is no denying the fact that art and literature are personal expressions. It is true that people go creative, and produce arts and literatures in order to express their feelings and thoughts. These feelings and thoughts have some social relevance and all their contributions naturally reflect the society they live in. The cartoons of R.K Lexman, the renowned Indian cartoonist, are typical examples. He has been able to express his feelings and fears he had of his society through his hilarious cartoon strips. However, there are some personal creations like music, dance etc, and they be viewed as something just to entertain people. 90
To conclude it, it is right to say that art and literature have always been powerful enough to make changes in the society and they have helped eradicate several social evils. It goes without saying that some of them are just for entertaining people. 40
265 words
Jaypees.doc. exam-going. 16/02/11
What drives women out of Engineering jobs?
Please try to frame an IELTS Tast 2 question out of the following article on why women engineers do not make it to the top in india and elsewhere. This is a downloaded article from www.ciliconindia.com
Bangalore: Even though half of the 300,000 engineers India produces every year are women, it is a sad but true fact that none of the Indian IT companies have been able to hold more than 30 percent of their women employees in their job after the first 2 years. This is despite the fact that some of the Tier-I companies have been able to bring out women-friendly policies. If you think, India is the only country facing this issue, it may not be true. Even the biggest economies like U.S. face this hurdle.
Despite years of hard academics, women comprises only 20 percent of engineering school graduates and only 11 percent of practicing engineers are women, reveals a study done at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Over 3,700 women with an engineering graduation participated in the Project on Women Engineers' Retention (POWER) which was aimed at understanding factors related to women engineers' career decisions.
The workplace climate remains to be a strong factor for women engineers choosing not to enter engineering after college or to leave the profession of engineering.
The tiring working conditions, too much travel, lack of advancement or low salary has been noted as the main reason behind nearly half of women opting out of engineering. It was found that one-in-three left the profession for reasons being they did not like the workplace climate, their boss or the culture while one-in-four left to spend time with family. Interestingly, those who left had the same interests, self-confidence, and positive expectations as the current engineers.
A third of participants who did not enter engineering after graduation cited their perceptions of engineering as being inflexible or the workplace culture as being non-supportive of women as the reason. Nearly thirty percent said they were no longer interested in engineering or were interested in another field. A good number of women who did not join engineering stated that they use the knowledge and skills gained in their education in a number of other fields.
A combination of psychological factors and organizational climate has been noted in common among women who choose to say in engineering. They stick on to the profession because of some key supportive people in the organization like supervisors and co-workers. Women expressed greatest levels of satisfaction in companies that value and recognize their contributions and invest substantially in their training and professional development.
Women who are treated in a condescending, patronizing manner and were undermined by their supervisors and co-workers would in most cases want to leave their organization. Women leaving their firms usually consider leaving the field of engineering altogether.
The current working engineers expressed that only fewer work-life benefits are available to them. Work-role uncertainly and a work environment that consistently undermined them can be said to be the factors that most negatively influence women's satisfaction level at work.
Most women engineers contemplate on quitting their job when they feel a lack of confidence in their abilities and fail to manage multiple roles. Leaving job seems to be the only option for women when they are not being positive about the outcomes they expect from their engineering tasks.
What could be a possible solution for this waning number of Women Engineers? We invite our readers to put forward their valuable suggestion in the form of comments. We believe that the ideal solution comes from people who have experienced these scenarios. We also encourage women engineers to write their stories to us at editor@siliconindia.com.
Please try to frame an IELTS Tast 2 question out of the following article on why women engineers do not make it to the top in india and elsewhere. This is a downloaded article from www.ciliconindia.com
Bangalore: Even though half of the 300,000 engineers India produces every year are women, it is a sad but true fact that none of the Indian IT companies have been able to hold more than 30 percent of their women employees in their job after the first 2 years. This is despite the fact that some of the Tier-I companies have been able to bring out women-friendly policies. If you think, India is the only country facing this issue, it may not be true. Even the biggest economies like U.S. face this hurdle.
Despite years of hard academics, women comprises only 20 percent of engineering school graduates and only 11 percent of practicing engineers are women, reveals a study done at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Over 3,700 women with an engineering graduation participated in the Project on Women Engineers' Retention (POWER) which was aimed at understanding factors related to women engineers' career decisions.
The workplace climate remains to be a strong factor for women engineers choosing not to enter engineering after college or to leave the profession of engineering.
The tiring working conditions, too much travel, lack of advancement or low salary has been noted as the main reason behind nearly half of women opting out of engineering. It was found that one-in-three left the profession for reasons being they did not like the workplace climate, their boss or the culture while one-in-four left to spend time with family. Interestingly, those who left had the same interests, self-confidence, and positive expectations as the current engineers.
A third of participants who did not enter engineering after graduation cited their perceptions of engineering as being inflexible or the workplace culture as being non-supportive of women as the reason. Nearly thirty percent said they were no longer interested in engineering or were interested in another field. A good number of women who did not join engineering stated that they use the knowledge and skills gained in their education in a number of other fields.
A combination of psychological factors and organizational climate has been noted in common among women who choose to say in engineering. They stick on to the profession because of some key supportive people in the organization like supervisors and co-workers. Women expressed greatest levels of satisfaction in companies that value and recognize their contributions and invest substantially in their training and professional development.
Women who are treated in a condescending, patronizing manner and were undermined by their supervisors and co-workers would in most cases want to leave their organization. Women leaving their firms usually consider leaving the field of engineering altogether.
The current working engineers expressed that only fewer work-life benefits are available to them. Work-role uncertainly and a work environment that consistently undermined them can be said to be the factors that most negatively influence women's satisfaction level at work.
Most women engineers contemplate on quitting their job when they feel a lack of confidence in their abilities and fail to manage multiple roles. Leaving job seems to be the only option for women when they are not being positive about the outcomes they expect from their engineering tasks.
What could be a possible solution for this waning number of Women Engineers? We invite our readers to put forward their valuable suggestion in the form of comments. We believe that the ideal solution comes from people who have experienced these scenarios. We also encourage women engineers to write their stories to us at editor@siliconindia.com.
Global Disaster Management Mechanism: The need of the hour.
Is it not fair for ourselves to be doing what ever is required to keep the planet going? Are we not entitled to live safely in this planet so that the upcoming generations will also have the same? How best are we going to make the world know that humanity is a single whole and no one is free from perils? Japan answers all these questions so vociferously that the world is forced lent its ears…..
Vaatupura A. Jayaprakash
The latest developments in Japan tell the rest of the world a few things or so on issues that we normally simply take it for granted. What is in store for the rest of the world by way of disasters is nothing short of devastation of unimaginable magnitudes, and the preparedness the world has for itself is not only inadequate but it is dangerously incompetent given the indicators that Japan offers.
The neighbouring world is under radiation threat, millions of people have gone broke and a land that once came up like phoenix from the ashes of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is vying hard to cope with the after effects of a series of Tsunamis and earth quakes. Here it is right to add that when one part of the world suffers from one calamity or the other, the rest of the world cannot be safer or comfortable. Globalization is applicable not only for international gains; but it is binding for international losses as well. That is what Japan tells us really conspicuously.
In this respect, there is enough room for a rethinking on the way the rest of the world keeps itself prepared to face any calamity. Yes, all nations have their own nation-specific disaster management mechanisms in place. It is good as well. But how about an internationally encompassing disaster like a Tsunami! Are individual nations able to sit back and rest thinking that we have our own system to meet such challenges? No. No nation can.
Human actions coupled with nature’s reaction have made human life really miserable and vulnerable, and the whole world stands at crossroads. There is no one immune to disasters. Australia, Indonesia, Pakistan, Japan, Philippines, and so goes the list. So what are we going to do for ourselves before another disaster strikes the world? In this respect I find it right to make my readers ponder over a few pointers listed down here.
1. Today, no nation is immune to disasters.
2. No nation is able enough to meet today’s disasters.
3. Nation-specific disaster management systems are inadequate.
4. Poor nations are unable to keep their own systems in place.
5. Rich nations are better positioned to help the poor in this respect.
6. Today’s disasters are so devastating that it takes ages for recovery.
7. Disaster management is not just rescuing people.
8. Extending helping hands at times of distress is not enough
9. When part of the world suffers, rest of the world feels the pinch.
10. No man is free from the perils man himself has created.
11. This world is either safe or dangerous, not simply unsafe.
12. This globe demands a global approach to disasters.
It is the last proposition that makes me strike a code here. Today, the world needs a globally binding disaster management mechanism in place. It is alright for all nations to have their own systems. But when it comes to disasters of greater magnitudes, it is important to have larger systems to meet the challenges of modern times.
A nuclear disaster following an earth quake is a double tragedy the effects of which may transcend to ages and ages. So is the case with a tsunami leading to reactor failures, chemical leaks and the like. Man will be forced to stand nonplused at the after effects of his own deeds and the resultant upheavals.
Therefore, it is high time the international community took initiatives to press for the need of an international disaster management system funded by its member nations. Such a system offers great advantages for all the nations in general. Though there are geographical limitations in its application at times, it is better to keep the world prepared to take on any eventually either manmade or natural.
In this respect it is worthwhile adding that when it comes to disasters, it is the timely intervention of men, machinery, technology, medicine and their mobility that matters most. The golden hours, the time between a tragedy and help, are so crucial that the success and failure of disaster management depends solely on this.
So it is important to remember that when tragedy strikes, it is timely intervention that matters most. Here the international community sponsored disaster management system may not be able to spring into action when a tragedy strikes at a far off geographical landscape. But this inadequacy does not rule out the need for such a system because, disaster management involves not only timely intervention and evacuation or the like.
Rather some disasters demand ages to make the affected get back to normal life. Evacuation, moving, rehabilitation and reconstruction are huge responsibilities no nation can boast of being able to do them all by itself. Here we need a globally applicable and funded management system so that all nations, rich and poor, can get benefited. This is the need of the hour, and the time is ticking out and nature has its own ways, and it never knocks at our doors before it strikes. So it is our responsibility to ensure the safety of the whole globe.
Is it not fair for ourselves to be doing what ever is required to keep the planet going? Are we not entitled to live safely in this planet so that the upcoming generations will also have the same spirit of keeping the world safer for their followers? How best are we going to make the world know that humanity is a single whole and no one is free from perils?
Japan answers all these questions so vociferously that the world is forced lent its ears and do what is needed to see that no disaster is going to keep man stalled for ages and his incessant will to surmount all odds gets bogged down.
“What ever the field be lost
All is not lost………..
what is else not be overcome?
These words of John Milton hold true here. A Japan is instrumental. A globally applicable disaster management system funded by all member nations can go a long way in keeping the world prepared to face the wrong deeds of man and rightful ways of nature. We need a global disaster managements system very very badly. 1000 words
Is it not fair for ourselves to be doing what ever is required to keep the planet going? Are we not entitled to live safely in this planet so that the upcoming generations will also have the same? How best are we going to make the world know that humanity is a single whole and no one is free from perils? Japan answers all these questions so vociferously that the world is forced lent its ears…..
Vaatupura A. Jayaprakash
The latest developments in Japan tell the rest of the world a few things or so on issues that we normally simply take it for granted. What is in store for the rest of the world by way of disasters is nothing short of devastation of unimaginable magnitudes, and the preparedness the world has for itself is not only inadequate but it is dangerously incompetent given the indicators that Japan offers.
The neighbouring world is under radiation threat, millions of people have gone broke and a land that once came up like phoenix from the ashes of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is vying hard to cope with the after effects of a series of Tsunamis and earth quakes. Here it is right to add that when one part of the world suffers from one calamity or the other, the rest of the world cannot be safer or comfortable. Globalization is applicable not only for international gains; but it is binding for international losses as well. That is what Japan tells us really conspicuously.
In this respect, there is enough room for a rethinking on the way the rest of the world keeps itself prepared to face any calamity. Yes, all nations have their own nation-specific disaster management mechanisms in place. It is good as well. But how about an internationally encompassing disaster like a Tsunami! Are individual nations able to sit back and rest thinking that we have our own system to meet such challenges? No. No nation can.
Human actions coupled with nature’s reaction have made human life really miserable and vulnerable, and the whole world stands at crossroads. There is no one immune to disasters. Australia, Indonesia, Pakistan, Japan, Philippines, and so goes the list. So what are we going to do for ourselves before another disaster strikes the world? In this respect I find it right to make my readers ponder over a few pointers listed down here.
1. Today, no nation is immune to disasters.
2. No nation is able enough to meet today’s disasters.
3. Nation-specific disaster management systems are inadequate.
4. Poor nations are unable to keep their own systems in place.
5. Rich nations are better positioned to help the poor in this respect.
6. Today’s disasters are so devastating that it takes ages for recovery.
7. Disaster management is not just rescuing people.
8. Extending helping hands at times of distress is not enough
9. When part of the world suffers, rest of the world feels the pinch.
10. No man is free from the perils man himself has created.
11. This world is either safe or dangerous, not simply unsafe.
12. This globe demands a global approach to disasters.
It is the last proposition that makes me strike a code here. Today, the world needs a globally binding disaster management mechanism in place. It is alright for all nations to have their own systems. But when it comes to disasters of greater magnitudes, it is important to have larger systems to meet the challenges of modern times.
A nuclear disaster following an earth quake is a double tragedy the effects of which may transcend to ages and ages. So is the case with a tsunami leading to reactor failures, chemical leaks and the like. Man will be forced to stand nonplused at the after effects of his own deeds and the resultant upheavals.
Therefore, it is high time the international community took initiatives to press for the need of an international disaster management system funded by its member nations. Such a system offers great advantages for all the nations in general. Though there are geographical limitations in its application at times, it is better to keep the world prepared to take on any eventually either manmade or natural.
In this respect it is worthwhile adding that when it comes to disasters, it is the timely intervention of men, machinery, technology, medicine and their mobility that matters most. The golden hours, the time between a tragedy and help, are so crucial that the success and failure of disaster management depends solely on this.
So it is important to remember that when tragedy strikes, it is timely intervention that matters most. Here the international community sponsored disaster management system may not be able to spring into action when a tragedy strikes at a far off geographical landscape. But this inadequacy does not rule out the need for such a system because, disaster management involves not only timely intervention and evacuation or the like.
Rather some disasters demand ages to make the affected get back to normal life. Evacuation, moving, rehabilitation and reconstruction are huge responsibilities no nation can boast of being able to do them all by itself. Here we need a globally applicable and funded management system so that all nations, rich and poor, can get benefited. This is the need of the hour, and the time is ticking out and nature has its own ways, and it never knocks at our doors before it strikes. So it is our responsibility to ensure the safety of the whole globe.
Is it not fair for ourselves to be doing what ever is required to keep the planet going? Are we not entitled to live safely in this planet so that the upcoming generations will also have the same spirit of keeping the world safer for their followers? How best are we going to make the world know that humanity is a single whole and no one is free from perils?
Japan answers all these questions so vociferously that the world is forced lent its ears and do what is needed to see that no disaster is going to keep man stalled for ages and his incessant will to surmount all odds gets bogged down.
“What ever the field be lost
All is not lost………..
what is else not be overcome?
These words of John Milton hold true here. A Japan is instrumental. A globally applicable disaster management system funded by all member nations can go a long way in keeping the world prepared to face the wrong deeds of man and rightful ways of nature. We need a global disaster managements system very very badly. 1000 words
Tuesday, March 15, 2011
A distant place (with a beautiful environs) you visited
Two minutes’ exercise: Cue card
Well, I am fortunate to have visited so many distant places in my life.
Some of them are known for great environs, of course.
The one I am going to talk about is a hill station.
It is called Kumili. It is border point in the Idukki district.
It is located some 90 kilometres away from my place.
I went to this place a few years’ back as part of a pleasure trip.
It was in September 2004, if I remember right.
Actually it was a pleasure trip we friends organized all by ourselves.
We were five, and were traveling in a car.
We started off in the early morning itself.
I need not say that the trip itself was really fascinating.
The road to Kumili is really adventurous and breathtaking.
As the road was winding with sharp hairpin curves,
It took nearly 3 hours to get there.
Right after reaching there we took our breakfast
They we went for sightseeing.
Yes, Kumili has great things to offer for tourists.
It is a calm and quite place with beautiful environment.
There are many things that attract people to this place.
Primarily, its height and the resultant weather.
It is cold up there, and the whole hill lock is full of trees.
The road, at some places, is highly dangerous.
Because they are cut along the hillside
and these is huge raven at some sides.
Secondly, Kumily has some beautiful streams and small water falls
We visited some of them, and we had a beautiful natural bath at one.
That was a rejuvenating experience. The water was so cold and feel was great.
We took a lot of photographs on the way, too.
On our way back we stopped at some places
for enjoying the natural beauty from distance.
We had a different experience out of that one-day trip.
That is all about the distant place I visited.
Please note the TENSE Sensitivity of this answer. How sentences alternate with present and past tenses. The examiners check this skill. To speak in different tenses at a time.
Take this as a token answer, and you may select your destination: moonnar, idukki, vazhachal, ponmudi, ooty, nilgiris or whatever, and develop an answer in accordance with their significance. Please try to apply the frame of the above answer. Words, steps, personal phrases, vocabulary, divisions and conclusion. Good luck.
Two minutes’ exercise: Cue card
Well, I am fortunate to have visited so many distant places in my life.
Some of them are known for great environs, of course.
The one I am going to talk about is a hill station.
It is called Kumili. It is border point in the Idukki district.
It is located some 90 kilometres away from my place.
I went to this place a few years’ back as part of a pleasure trip.
It was in September 2004, if I remember right.
Actually it was a pleasure trip we friends organized all by ourselves.
We were five, and were traveling in a car.
We started off in the early morning itself.
I need not say that the trip itself was really fascinating.
The road to Kumili is really adventurous and breathtaking.
As the road was winding with sharp hairpin curves,
It took nearly 3 hours to get there.
Right after reaching there we took our breakfast
They we went for sightseeing.
Yes, Kumili has great things to offer for tourists.
It is a calm and quite place with beautiful environment.
There are many things that attract people to this place.
Primarily, its height and the resultant weather.
It is cold up there, and the whole hill lock is full of trees.
The road, at some places, is highly dangerous.
Because they are cut along the hillside
and these is huge raven at some sides.
Secondly, Kumily has some beautiful streams and small water falls
We visited some of them, and we had a beautiful natural bath at one.
That was a rejuvenating experience. The water was so cold and feel was great.
We took a lot of photographs on the way, too.
On our way back we stopped at some places
for enjoying the natural beauty from distance.
We had a different experience out of that one-day trip.
That is all about the distant place I visited.
Please note the TENSE Sensitivity of this answer. How sentences alternate with present and past tenses. The examiners check this skill. To speak in different tenses at a time.
Take this as a token answer, and you may select your destination: moonnar, idukki, vazhachal, ponmudi, ooty, nilgiris or whatever, and develop an answer in accordance with their significance. Please try to apply the frame of the above answer. Words, steps, personal phrases, vocabulary, divisions and conclusion. Good luck.
Waste management is becoming a serious problem world over. Many people suggest that there should be a new tax called waste-management tax to be imposed on those who generate waste.
Essay 057
• How warranted is this idea in your opinion?
We need to impose a new tax on manufacturers who pack their products in non-degradable materials. It has become impossible these days to buy something without a little waste attached with it. Therefore, I feel it is a good idea to impose some waste management tax on manufacturers.
Our life has come to a new phase, where waste has become a by-product of our comforts, and since there seems to be no U-turn from this state of affairs, we need to find ways to recycle or manage the wastes that get generated on a daily basis. Moving and managing waste has become a severe headache to the corporations, municipalities and local self government organs all over the country. Also, there are innumerable instances of fund and infrastructure shortage to manage the waste. Coupled with these is the outbreak of contagions.
Waste management tax is highly warranted. It goes without saying.
Coming to who is to be held responsible for this: the consumer or the manufacturer? I think it is the duty of the manufacturer to chip in a share of his profit to raise a national fund on waste management. It is not civic to let any organization: local, national, or multi-national, come up and operate their businesses anywhere and go scot-free when it comes to the after-effects of their products’.
To conclude it, there needs to be a new tax regime to earmark a sizeable share from the turnovers of all manufacturers, and allocate those funds for the wise management of wastes. This is primarily for the general well-being of the public.
260 Words
Ajaypeesdoc
Essay 057
• How warranted is this idea in your opinion?
We need to impose a new tax on manufacturers who pack their products in non-degradable materials. It has become impossible these days to buy something without a little waste attached with it. Therefore, I feel it is a good idea to impose some waste management tax on manufacturers.
Our life has come to a new phase, where waste has become a by-product of our comforts, and since there seems to be no U-turn from this state of affairs, we need to find ways to recycle or manage the wastes that get generated on a daily basis. Moving and managing waste has become a severe headache to the corporations, municipalities and local self government organs all over the country. Also, there are innumerable instances of fund and infrastructure shortage to manage the waste. Coupled with these is the outbreak of contagions.
Waste management tax is highly warranted. It goes without saying.
Coming to who is to be held responsible for this: the consumer or the manufacturer? I think it is the duty of the manufacturer to chip in a share of his profit to raise a national fund on waste management. It is not civic to let any organization: local, national, or multi-national, come up and operate their businesses anywhere and go scot-free when it comes to the after-effects of their products’.
To conclude it, there needs to be a new tax regime to earmark a sizeable share from the turnovers of all manufacturers, and allocate those funds for the wise management of wastes. This is primarily for the general well-being of the public.
260 Words
Ajaypeesdoc
In developed countries governments encourage farming and do everything possible to satisfy the interests of farmers. This attitude to farming and farmers, however, is not so common in poor countries where there is great scope and need for farming.
• What reasons do you attribute to these two differing attitude towards farming in rich and poor nations?
• How does it affect poor nations?
When it comes to farming, there should have been equal priority both in rich and poor nations. Unfortunately, it does not happen in poor nations. There are reasons for this differing attitude, and the effects of which are dangerous.
What are the major reasons? First world economies are financially well off to support farming. For example, they invest hugely in technology to produce high yielding crops and ensure great returns to farmers. This is not so in poor nations where the economy is poor and they have several other pressing priorities.
Secondly, poor nations are hugely populated, and they think that industrialization is the only way out to become rich. In fact, many nations try to get industrial at the cost of farming, whereas in rich economies, farming itself is highly industrialized. They understand that it is food security that leads to growth. If we juxtapose this with poor nations, all the needs and scope for farming notwithstanding, they stay still stay conventional in farming practices.
Coming to the effects, life will be very difficult. Prices will go through the roof, the nominal farming community will get exploited by market forces, and finally, the rich will be able to enjoy higher buying power at the expenses of the poor. Apart from all these, food insecurity will lead to social disharmony and there will be rich poor divide, ill-health, malnutrition and falling health indices, to mention a few.
Looking at the causes and effects, it is right to conclude that ignoring farm sector is suicidal, and poor economies need to take cues from the rich and ensure food seucurity. This is for the good and welfare of both the rich and poor.
280 words
A jaypeesdoc
• What reasons do you attribute to these two differing attitude towards farming in rich and poor nations?
• How does it affect poor nations?
When it comes to farming, there should have been equal priority both in rich and poor nations. Unfortunately, it does not happen in poor nations. There are reasons for this differing attitude, and the effects of which are dangerous.
What are the major reasons? First world economies are financially well off to support farming. For example, they invest hugely in technology to produce high yielding crops and ensure great returns to farmers. This is not so in poor nations where the economy is poor and they have several other pressing priorities.
Secondly, poor nations are hugely populated, and they think that industrialization is the only way out to become rich. In fact, many nations try to get industrial at the cost of farming, whereas in rich economies, farming itself is highly industrialized. They understand that it is food security that leads to growth. If we juxtapose this with poor nations, all the needs and scope for farming notwithstanding, they stay still stay conventional in farming practices.
Coming to the effects, life will be very difficult. Prices will go through the roof, the nominal farming community will get exploited by market forces, and finally, the rich will be able to enjoy higher buying power at the expenses of the poor. Apart from all these, food insecurity will lead to social disharmony and there will be rich poor divide, ill-health, malnutrition and falling health indices, to mention a few.
Looking at the causes and effects, it is right to conclude that ignoring farm sector is suicidal, and poor economies need to take cues from the rich and ensure food seucurity. This is for the good and welfare of both the rich and poor.
280 words
A jaypeesdoc
Today children in their younger age itself happen to spend a lot of time online. For some people this rising Internet time is a matter of a little concern whereas there some others who feel that today’s children cannot do without being online.
• Do you think the first opinion has got some relevance?
• How far is it right to say that being online is inevitable for children?
The Net is here to stay and not many can do without it. As a matter of fact, the rising internet time found among young children leaves a little room for worry. However, the fact remains that it has become part of their life in more ways than one.
When it comes to the concerns, it is right to say that there are some pitfalls. Children are children and they are prone to influences of all types. Naturally, the Net, being a virtual platform that remains spread across the world, poorly informed and misguided children may fall prey to many unhealthy practices. For example, community cites like Facebook, Tweeter and Blogs are useful only if they are wisely managed. Else, children may get trapped in cyber based snares and their associated criminal, asocial behaviours. There is a little danger, of course.
All the dangers notwithstanding, modern children cannot keep themselves off the possibilities of the Net. Inquisitive and enterprising little kids can reap great benefits out of the borderless possibilities out of the Internet. This is more so when it is juxtaposed to today’s fast changing academic ambience. Here every child is expected to find material and information to meet their specific academic requirements and personal expectations. For example, today’s curriculum is more activity and research oriented than text-based or teacher-centered. Here the Internet can do children great favours.
In short, what I feel is that Internet-based problems and prospects for children are just relative. So it is difficult to say that it is all the way harmful for all children or it is equally useful for all. It depends on how children are guided to the Net. Better parenting needs to make the Internet child-safe.
285 words
jaypeesdoc
• Do you think the first opinion has got some relevance?
• How far is it right to say that being online is inevitable for children?
The Net is here to stay and not many can do without it. As a matter of fact, the rising internet time found among young children leaves a little room for worry. However, the fact remains that it has become part of their life in more ways than one.
When it comes to the concerns, it is right to say that there are some pitfalls. Children are children and they are prone to influences of all types. Naturally, the Net, being a virtual platform that remains spread across the world, poorly informed and misguided children may fall prey to many unhealthy practices. For example, community cites like Facebook, Tweeter and Blogs are useful only if they are wisely managed. Else, children may get trapped in cyber based snares and their associated criminal, asocial behaviours. There is a little danger, of course.
All the dangers notwithstanding, modern children cannot keep themselves off the possibilities of the Net. Inquisitive and enterprising little kids can reap great benefits out of the borderless possibilities out of the Internet. This is more so when it is juxtaposed to today’s fast changing academic ambience. Here every child is expected to find material and information to meet their specific academic requirements and personal expectations. For example, today’s curriculum is more activity and research oriented than text-based or teacher-centered. Here the Internet can do children great favours.
In short, what I feel is that Internet-based problems and prospects for children are just relative. So it is difficult to say that it is all the way harmful for all children or it is equally useful for all. It depends on how children are guided to the Net. Better parenting needs to make the Internet child-safe.
285 words
jaypeesdoc
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