Writing: Describing a Process 21

From Oilfield to Petrol Station

Use the information in the following flow diagram to describe the stages from the discovery of oil to the sale of petrol in the filling station.

Write 150 words in 20 minutes. Use the passive.

Oil is one of the most important commodities in the modern world. In this

Lecture I will outline the main steps in the production of oil.

The process begins in the oil field.

First the oil has to be located. This is a very expensive and time consuming process. Once the oil has been found, pipelines are built to pump the oil to storage tanks.

The next step is the most important one - refining. The crude oil is refined to produce different products such as petrol, aviation fuel, diesel, and tar. Sulfur and water have to be removed, and sometimes other chemicals added to improve the quality of the petrol.

After the petrol is refined it is stored in huge tanks. It is then shipped to countries all around the world in massive supertankers, and transported to petrol stations in tankers. At the stations, the petrol is stored underground in tanks and then finally it is ready to be pumped into your car. 

Writing: Describing a Process 21

From Oilfield to Petrol Station

Use the information in the following flow diagram to describe the stages from the discovery of oil to the sale of petrol in the filling station.

Write 150 words in 20 minutes. Use the passive.

Oil is one of the most important commodities in the modern world. In this

Lecture I will outline the main steps in the production of oil.

The process begins in the oil field.

First the oil has to be located. This is a very expensive and time consuming process. Once the oil has been found, pipelines are built to pump the oil to storage tanks.

The next step is the most important one - refining. The crude oil is refined to produce different products such as petrol, aviation fuel, diesel, and tar. Sulfur and water have to be removed, and sometimes other chemicals added to improve the quality of the petrol.

After the petrol is refined it is stored in huge tanks. It is then shipped to countries all around the world in massive supertankers, and transported to petrol stations in tankers. At the stations, the petrol is stored underground in tanks and then finally it is ready to be pumped into your car. 

Writing: Describing a Process 21

From Oilfield to Petrol Station

Use the information in the following flow diagram to describe the stages from the discovery of oil to the sale of petrol in the filling station.

Write 150 words in 20 minutes. Use the passive.

Oil is one of the most important commodities in the modern world. In this

Lecture I will outline the main steps in the production of oil.

The process begins in the oil field.

First the oil has to be located. This is a very expensive and time consuming process. Once the oil has been found, pipelines are built to pump the oil to storage tanks.

The next step is the most important one - refining. The crude oil is refined to produce different products such as petrol, aviation fuel, diesel, and tar. Sulfur and water have to be removed, and sometimes other chemicals added to improve the quality of the petrol.

After the petrol is refined it is stored in huge tanks. It is then shipped to countries all around the world in massive supertankers, and transported to petrol stations in tankers. At the stations, the petrol is stored underground in tanks and then finally it is ready to be pumped into your car. 

Task one

Dropout rate in four schools

Rural	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996
Male	6	7	8	14	11	7
Female	10	9	8	12	7	7
Urban
Male	2	3	6	4	2	1
Female	6	7	8	7	6	2

Figures are in percentage

This table is a percentage-wise breakdown of male and female children, of rural and urban schools, who dropped their studies during six years starting from 1991.

To begin with rural males, there was a regular upward spiral in the first three years. It was 6,7,8 respectively, and it recorded the all time high rate,14, in 1994.  But the final two years saw a declining pattern, from 14 to 11 and then to seven. However, the figures of their urban counterparts show contrasts. The rate was two times less in 1991 and 1992, but it was six in 1993. However, the downward spiral followed dropped it to two percent in 1996.

Moving on to urban females, the figures were higher in rural than in urban. But over the years, say in the 1991-93 stretch, there was constant decline from 10 to eight, but it went up by four percent in 1994. Interestingly, the final two years kept the figures in tact, seven. The corresponding figures for the urban schools showed a rise from six to eight, in1991-93 period, but it fell down to two in 1996.

That is the end of the report.

180 words: model by jaypee

Processing in exam point of view

Vocabulary	Compare/contrast	Cohesion/coherence	Task meeting
Upward spiral Went up by 4 percent Showed a rise Fell down to Dropped Constant decline	All time high rate Declining pattern Shows contrasts Two times less than Downwards spiral Higher in rural than	To begin with But the final two years However, However, Moving on to Interestingly	One eighty words Three distinct paragraphs, A closure line, touched almost all major points of the data.

TASK II

Some people believe that female teachers at schools do much better than their male counterparts.

• Check whether this belief has some substance.

It is been a topic of discussion for ages: whether female teachers or their male counterparts do well at schools. I think the belief that the former are better does hold some water, but males on the other hand have their own strengths. 

Teachers, as a matter of fact, are very much influential among all school children. This fact notwithstanding, there is a little gender preference towards female teachers among children. This must be primarily due their (female teachers)’ being more compassionate, understanding and above all empathetic towards children’s likes and dislikes.

For example, most of the modern day children are from nuclear families where mothers are more involved in the academic, physical and emotional well being of children than fathers. This heightened and all round involvement is likely to get reflected in a school ambience as well where what we find is a cross section of children from families of diverse socio-economic, academic and emotional statuses.  So no wonder female teachers have a little extra edge among school children.

However, this is not to mean that male teachers are totally out off the scene; rather they have a different set of quotients. Keeping a heterogeneous student community in the set order of the school is cut more for male teachers than for females. For example, male teachers are more comfortable in handling bullies, managing outdoors stints and ensuring general discipline. Therefore, male teachers are really a force to reckon with when it comes to school as a system.

An overview of the discussion makes me conclude that the argument on female teachers is not without much reason; rather there is great substance. But their counterparts, on other the other hand, are placed in a different plain of theirs.

275 words 29.7.012

Processing in exam point of view

Vocabulary	Grammar/structure	Cohesion/coherence	Task meeting
For ages Counterparts Influential Gender preference Compassionate Understanding Empathetic Academic Emotional Heightened Extra edge Heterogeneous Bullies Discipline To reckon with	Try to identify them. Longer sentences with more grammar and structural particles. Idiomatic or phrasal expressions and the like. FOR EXAMPLE: This heightened and all round involvement is likely to get reflected in a school ambience as well where what we find is a cross section of ………	As a matter of fact Notwithstanding For example So However For example Therefore An overview Rather But	275 words Distinct 5 paragraphs A strong example in a separate paragraph The question is addressed very well with a  positive look Better punctuation, strong spelling, and generally speaking enough and sound English language knowledge

This table is a percentage-wise breakdown of male and female children, of rural and urban schools, who dropped their studies during six years starting from 1991.

To begin with rural males, there was a regular upward spiral in the first three years. It was 6,7,8 respectively, and it recorded the all time high rate,14, in 1994.  But the final two years saw a declining pattern, from 14 to 11 and then to seven. However, the figures of their urban counterparts show contrasts. The rate was two times less in 1991 and 1992, but it was six in 1993. However, the downward spiral followed dropped it to two percent in 1996.

Moving on to urban females, the figures were higher in rural than in urban. But over the years, say in the 1991-93 stretch, there was constant decline from 10 to eight, but it went up by four percent in 1994. Interestingly, the final two years kept the figures in tact, seven. The corresponding figures for the urban schools showed a rise from six to eight, in1991-93 period, but it fell down to two in 1996.

That is the end of the report.

Some people believe that female teachers at schools do much better than their male counterparts.

• Check whether this belief has some substance.

It is been a topic of discussion for ages: whether female teachers or their male counterparts do well at schools. I think the belief that the former are better does  hold some water, but males on the other hand have their own strengths. 

Teachers, as a matter of fact, are very much influential among all school children. This fact notwithstanding, there is a little gender preference towards female teachers among children. This must be primarily due their (female teachers)’ being more compassionate, understanding and above all empathetic towards children’s likes and dislikes.

For example, most of the modern day children are from nuclear families where mothers are more involved in the academic, physical and emotional well being of children than fathers. This heightened and all round involvement is likely to get reflected in a school ambience as well where what we find is a cross section of children from families of diverse socio-economic, academic and emotional statuses.  So no wonder female teachers have a little extra edge among school children.

This is not to mean that male teachers are totally left in the lurch; rather they have a different set of quotients. Keeping a heterogeneous student community in the set order of the school is cut more for male teachers than for females. For example, male teachers are more comfortable in handling bullies, managing outdoors stints and ensuring general discipline. So male teachers are really a force to reckon with when it comes to school as a system.

An overview of the discussion makes me conclude that the argument on female teachers is not without much reason; rather there is great substance. But their counterparts, on other the other hand, are placed in a different plain of theirs.

275 words

29.7.012

Reading

Culture has always been a major object of travel, as the development of the Grand Tour from the 16th century onwards attests. In the 20th century, some people have claimed, culture ceased to be the objective of tourism: tourism is now culture. Cultural attractions play an important role in tourism at all levels, from the global highlights of world culture to attractions that underpin local identities.  Culture, heritage and the arts have long contributed to appeal of tourist destination. However, in recent years ‘culture’ has been rediscovered as an important marketing tool to attract those travellers with special interests in heritage and arts.

Heritage tourism is the fastest growing segment of the tourism industry because there is a trend toward an increased specialization among tourists. This trend is evident in the rise in the volume of tourists who seek adventure, culture, history, archaeology and interaction with local people.

Heritage tourism is important for various reasons; it has a positive economic and social impact, it establishes and reinforces identity, it helps preserve the cultural heritage, with culture as an instrument it facilitates harmony and understanding among people, it supports culture and helps renew tourism. Cultural heritage tourism has a number of objectives that must be met within the context of sustainable development such as; the conservation of cultural resources, accurate interpretation of resources, authentic visitors experience, and the stimulation of the earned revenues of cultural resources. We can see, therefore, that cultural heritage tourism is not only concerned with identification, management and protection of the heritage values but it must also be involved in understanding the impact of tourism on communities and regions, achieving economic and social benefits, providing financial resources for protection, as well as marketing and promotion.

Try to answer these questions in 10 minutes. You cannot write more than three words each answer. Some answers may demand only one word.  

1.       Culture has been ……………….of travel

2.       16^th century is known for…………….

3.       Now tourism has turned to be……………………..

4.       These days culture is a ………………….to attract tourists.

5.       In the past century culture was taken by some to have nothing to do with……………….

6.       Specialization among tourists has made tourism………………………

7.       Heritage tourism cements and fosters…………………

8.       The conservation of cultural resources is part of…………...

9.       Cultural tourism must involve in realizing the …………….tourism

10.   Cultural tourism needs to offer ……………..for protection.

A real reading gives you 20 minutes for every section, and the passage will be two time bigger than this, there will be three such texts, but you have to answer some 14/13/13 questions of minimum three types in all three sections. Here is a token for a try. 

Cultural heritage tourism (or just heritage tourism) is a branch of tourism oriented towards the cultural heritage of the location where tourism is occurring.

Culture has always been a major object of travel, as the development of the Grand Tour from the 16th century onwards attests. In the 20th century, some people have claimed, culture ceased to be the objective of tourism: tourism is now culture. Cultural attractions play an important role in tourism at all levels, from the global highlights of world culture to attractions that underpin local identities.  Culture, heritage and the arts have long contributed to appeal of tourist destination. However, in recent years ‘culture’ has been rediscovered as an important marketing tool to attract those travellers with special interests in heritage and arts.

Heritage tourism is the fastest growing segment of the tourism industry because there is a trend toward an increase specialization among tourists. This trend is evident in the rise in the volume of tourists who seek adventure, culture, history, archaeology and interaction with local people.

Heritage tourism is important for various reasons; it has a positive economic and social impact, it establishes and reinforces identity, it helps preserve the cultural heritage, with culture as an instrument it facilitates harmony and understanding among people, it supports culture and helps renew tourism. Cultural heritage tourism has a number of objectives that must be met within the context of sustainable development such as; the conservation of cultural resources, accurate interpretation of resources, authentic visitors experience, and the stimulation of the earned revenues of cultural resources. We can see, therefore, that cultural heritage tourism is not only concerned with identification, management and protection of the heritage values but it must also be involved in understanding the impact of tourism on communities and regions, achieving economic and social benefits, providing financial resources for protection, as well as marketing and promotion.

Heritage tourism involves visiting historical or industrial sites that may include old canals, railways, battlegrounds, etc. The overall purpose is to gain an appreciation of the past. It also refers to the marketing of a location to members of a diaspora who have distant family roots there.

Decolonization and immigration form the major background of much contemporary heritage tourism. Falling travel costs have also made heritage tourism possible for more people.

Another possible form involves religious travel or pilgrimages. Many Catholics from around the world come to the Vatican and other sites such as Lourdes or Fátima. Large numbers of Jews have both visited Israel and emigrated there. Many have also gone to Holocaust sites and memorials. Islam commands its followers to take the hajj to Mecca, thus differentiating it somewhat from tourism in the usual sense, though the trip can also be a culturally important event for the pilgrim.

Heritage Tourism can also be attributed to historical events that have been dramatised to make them more entertaining. For example a historical tour of a town or city using a theme such as ghosts or vikings.

Answer the following questions:

1.       Define heritage tourism?

2.       Why is it becoming the fastest growing segement of tourism?

3.       Why is it becoming very popular today than it was in the past?

4.       What all things come under heritage tourism?

5.       Why do more and more people go for this tourism now?

6.       Cultural heritage tourism is mainly concerned with two things. What are they?

Write no more than 150 words about heritage tourism possibilitiies in your country?

Model graph Answer

This table clearly presents and compares favorable pastimes in eight different countries. The pastimes, across the top of the table, are analyzed in relation to each country.

As can be seen, about 60% of Canadians, Australians and Americans like watching television. On the other hand, this figure is quite low for China where only 15% of people watch television. Predictably, Americans like music at 23%, whereas only 2 to 5% of people in the other countries feel the same way. 20% of people in England enjoy sleeping as a pastime whereas in Canada and the USA, for example, the figure is only 2%. Interestingly, the Chinese like hobbies the most at 50%, as opposed to only 20% in France. It isn’t surprising that the highest percentage of beach-lovers is in Australia and the USA at 30%.

It seems that pastimes of people of different nationalities may be influenced by a number of factors such as the socio-economic situation or the climate. These factors influence cultural differences between different nationalities and make cross-cultural experiences more interesting.

(175 words)

A tree found commonly in your state:

Two minutes’ exercise: Cue card

Well, my state is known for great green cover.

And it has great wealth of tree varieties, too

The one I would like to talk about is the most common coconut tree.

To begin with, this tree is so common in our state.

And our state is named after this tree.

That is, Keralam in Malayalam means the land of Kera trees.

Something, special about this tree, I think, is that it is ubiquitous.

There is no family in the countrysides without at least a coconut tree.

Coming to its other features, it is a tree of great significance.

Primarily, it is a tree of spiritual and cultural significance.

That is, coconut is seen as a sign of wealth and prosperity.

And people use it on all major occasions:

Like marriages, poojas, rituals and ceremonies.

Secondly, all the parts of this tree are useful someway.

Its trunk is so hard and lasting that people use it for furniture.

Its leaves are also useful. Plaited leaves are used for thatching roofs

And coconut kernel and oil products are widely used in Kerala dishes

And finally, its shell and husk are raw materials.

They are used for coir products and many artifacts.

All the other parts, say, its dry bunches,

its pods and leaf bones, to mention a few, are used as firewood.

Well, it would be unfair if I don’t mention about tender coconut.

It is a great health drink, which both the natives and tourists like alike.

Even doctors recommend it. It is a rejuvenating drink for patients.

Those who suffer from dehydration, diarrhoea etc get seedy recovery.

So this tree is socially, medically and spiritually significant.

That is all about it. 

Take this as a token answer, and you may select your tree, Mango, jack tree, banyan, palm, rubber, teak, mahagony etc. and develop an answer in accordance with their significance. Please try to apply the frame of the above answer. Words, steps, personal phrases, divisions and conclusion. Good luck.

A government - that does not have the resources to offer employment for the educated - does not need to invest funds on higher education.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with this view. You may have your own examples taken either from your life or surroundings to prove your point. Jaypeesdoc.19.4.012

As a matter of fact, ensuring higher education is the responsibility of the State. But, if the State is unable to provide employment for the deserving, allocating funds for higher education does not seem worthwhile. Let me prove it.

The primary purpose of higher education is to make a person lead a decent, civilized and meaningful life by making use of his education in terms of employment. This basic requirement gets sabotaged when the educated find themselves jobless thanks to the poor state of affairs existing in many poor economies. For example, when great number of educated people stay jobless, there arises concerns like social evils, deadly habits, apathy and antipathy towards the State and its mechanisms to mention a few. This is dangerous to a greater extent.

Coupled with the above are the other pressing needs of poor societies where food and medicine, roofing and sanitation, regular supplies and security are under great threat. Naturally, the funds allocated for higher education can be directed to these priority segments. This will make great changes in the daily living of people. Let me cite an example. A society that is unable to sustain itself due to resource crunch may not be able to make any sustainable developments, higher education segment included. In such a context, is it fair to invest sizably for higher education? Negative.

In short, there may be lofty ideals governing higher education prospects of a given State.  But these ideals are of no use unless the educated are able to find themselves doing deserving jobs. Higher education sans employment prospects does not need funding.

265 words

Ajaypeesdoc. 12.7.012

A government - that does not have the resources to offer employment for the educated - does not need to invest funds on higher education.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with this view. You may have your own examples taken either from your life or surroundings to prove your point. Jaypeesdoc.19.4.012

As a matter of fact, ensuring higher education is the responsibility of the State. But, if the State is unable to provide employment for the deserving, allocating funds for higher education does not seem worthwhile. Let me prove it.

The primary purpose of higher education is to make a person lead a decent, civilized and meaningful life by making use of his education in terms of employment. This basic requirement gets sabotaged when the educated find themselves jobless thanks to the poor state of affairs existing in many poor economies. For example, when great number of educated people stay jobless, there arises concerns like social evils, deadly habits, apathy and antipathy towards the State and its mechanisms to mention a few. This is dangerous to a greater extent.

Coupled with the above are the other pressing needs of poor societies where food and medicine, roofing and sanitation, regular supplies and security are under great threat. Naturally, the funds allocated for higher education can be directed to these priority segments. This will make great changes in the daily living of people. Let me cite an example. A society that is unable to sustain itself due to resource crunch may not be able to make any sustainable developments, higher education segment included. In such a context, is it fair to invest sizably for higher education? Negative.

In short, there may be lofty ideals governing higher education prospects of a given State.  But these ideals are of no use unless the educated are able to find themselves doing deserving jobs. Higher education sans employment prospects does not need funding.

265 words

Ajaypeesdoc. 12.7.012

Culture and curricula 1. Incorporating lessons on environment management in the curricula of new generation professional qualifications would change the very way these professional look at their environment. • How realistic is it to expect new generation professionals to be friendly to their environs by way of changes in their curricula? 2. Many working environs face a kind of clash between new generation employees and the already existing experienced hands. • What all grounds does this clash get generated from? • How can employers surmount this fix? 3. Ajaypeesdoc.10.7.012 Some people hold the view that there is no need for training when it comes to manual jobs. But some others are of the view that, not matter what the type of the job is, there is need for some training. • Which view do you endorse and state why? 4. In some work cultures employees are encouraged to take part in exercises that are of no direct significance to the type of work the organization is known for. • What is the motive behind this human resource management technique? • Look at this work culture from an employee’s angle.